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The Submarine: A History, Thomas Parrish, Penguin Books, 2004

Power Shift: The Transition to Nuclear Power in the U.S. Submarine Force as Told by Those Who Did It, Dan Gillcrist, iUniverse, 2006

WEBSITES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cubera_(SS-347)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Underwater_Propulsion_Power_Program

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Grider

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Seawolf_(SSN-575)

http://www.iwojima.com/

CHAPTER 2

PRIMARY INTERVIEWS

Donald Ross, Ph.D., former DEMON sonar project lead in San Diego, provided excellent information regarding SOSUS capabilities and development of submarine sonar systems. More information can be found in Ross’s book noted below.

Note: When the torpedo-propeller design group moved to Penn State in late 1945, Dr. Donald Ross, at the age of twenty-four, presented a paper at the navy’s first scientific meeting on hydrodynamic topics sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR). Ross proposed that submarines be built like torpedoes and that the current twin-screw designs could be replaced by a single-screw configuration. He forecast that such a design might empower higher propeller speeds without causing cavitation noise. Albert G. Mumma, the navy captain who’d helped capture German XXI sub designer Helmuth Walter during World War II, shot up from the center of the group and shouted, “The navy will never build something that stupid!”

The crowd nodded their agreement. After all, submarines must have two screws in the event that one fails. Twin-screws are also needed for better maneuverability. Despite pleas to the contrary from Ross, navy officials agreed with the group and dismissed the idea. Years later, when the David Taylor Lab in Mary land successfully demonstrated the new Albacore-type submarine, damned if the thing didn’t have a single screw. The officer in charge, one Albert G. Mumma, received a naval commendation for his role in furthering single-screw submarine designs. That achievement catapulted Admiral Mumma to chief of the Bureau of Ships — and therefore Hyman Rickover’s boss — in 1955, and the Albacore single-screw became so successful that most modern navies adopted the configuration for almost all submarine designs.

During one of his runs on the USS Nautilus, Ross received an invitation to the wardroom. The Nautilus’s skipper, Commander Eugene Wilkinson, flashed a coy smile and pulled out a deck of cards. He laid $20 on the table and said, “You in?”

Ross pulled out a twenty and sat down next to three other officers. Several hours later, after having cleaned out the pockets of everyone in the wardroom, Ross scooped up his winnings and headed toward the door.

Stern-faced, Wilkinson stood from the table and said, “Don’t think for a minute I’m going to forget this, Dr. Ross.”

Years later, in 1969, Richard Nixon halted all Holystone submarine missions due to a spate of serious accidents. Wilkinson employed Ross and his team to solve a major problem with submarine sonar that appeared to be the root cause of the “run-ins” with Soviet submarines when U.S. boats tried to follow them. Ross solved the problem for Wilkinson and received the highest citation awarded to civilians for his contribution.

RESOURCES

Mechanics of Underwater Noise, Donald Ross, Ph.D., Peninsula Publishing, 1987

Transparent Oceans: The Death of the Soviet Submarine Force, Louis P. Solomon, LRAPP Company, 2003

Cold War Submarines, Norman Polmar and K. J. Moore, Potomac Books, 2004

Hide and Seek: The Untold Story of Cold War Naval Espionage, Peter A. Huchthausen and Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix, John Wiley & Sons, 2009

Blind Man’s Bluff, Sherry Sontag and Christopher Drew, Public Affairs, 1998

Hitler, Doenitz, and the Baltic Sea, Howard D. Grier, Naval Institute Press, 2007

WEBSITES

http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/sosus.htm

http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_25/sosus2.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOSUS

CHAPTER 3

PRIMARY INTERVIEWS

William J. Reed, LT USN, Retired, regarding HFDF technology and deployment. I interviewed my father in depth and then double-checked the details against other research and interviews.

Robert Lynn Wortman, CD, RCN, RCMP, Retired, regarding World War II Huff Duffs and HFDF sights in the United States and Canada.

Pamela Wallinger Reed (author’s sister) offered excellent insights into events in Turkey, Mary land, and San Diego when my father was in the navy.

Joyce Louise Reed (author’s mother) offered excellent insights into events in Turkey, Mary land, and San Diego when my father was in the navy.

George Munch, former Boresight/Bulls Eye HFDF systems and Wullenweber array engineer who also helped get most of the joint U.S-Canadian sites up and running.

Frank Cawley, deputy director of the HFDF division at the NSA, former HFDF Boresight/Bulls Eye communications technician.

John Gurley, former communications technician chief, USN, worked on Boresight systems and Wullenweber “elephant cage” arrays.

Gus Lott, Ph.D., founder of Yarcom, Inc. (www.yarcom.com), former Boresight/Bulls Eye systems and Wullenweber array contracting engineer. Gus is now the chief scientist for the Signal-to-Noise Enhancement Program (SNEP). In the 1980s, Dr. Steve Jauregui at the Naval Postgraduate School made SNEP a regular scientific program. The navy returned the program back to the NSA in 2003. Today, SNEP sends experts to sensitive receiver facilities to reduce noise from power lines, computers, and many other emitters that can interfere with signals. Gus provided some outstanding information on the theory and math behind the operation of Boresight/Bulls Eye systems and stations and noted that when these systems were built in the sixties, there were few power lines or other sources of electrical interference. By the nineties, the areas nearby had been built up, and errors increased. Engineers like Gus discovered that interference noise now emanated from lines and laptops and helped correct for such.

RESOURCES

Radio Direction Finding, P. J. D. Gething, Institution of Electrical Engineers, December 1987. This book is considered by most in the field the Bible on HFDF and Wullenweber arrays.

The Canadian History of Signal Intelligence and Direction Finding, Robert Lynn Wortman and George Fraser (self-published), 2006.

The Codebreakers, David Kahn, Scribner, 1996. Chapters 11 and 15 detail interesting information about the use of HFDF Huff Duffs during World Wars I and II.

WEBSITES

http://www.researcheratlarge.com/Pacific/RDF/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_George_Washington_(SSBN-598)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris

http://rusnavy.com/science/electronics/rv6.htm

http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/sosus.htm

http://russianfun.net/technology/secret-soviet-submarine-base-in-sevastopol/

http://www.angelfire.com/falcon/usspillsbury-der_133/elequip.html

http://www.jproc.ca/sari/counter.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland

CHAPTER 4

PRIMARY INTERVIEWS

William Reed, LT, USN, Retired.

Robert Lynn Wortman, CD, RCN, RCMP, Retired, former Bore-sight/Bulls Eye HFDF systems and Wullenweber arrary engineer.

George Munch, former Boresight/Bulls Eye HFDF systems and Wullenweber array engineer.

Frank Cawley, deputy director of the HFDF division at the NSA, former HFDF Boresight/Bulls Eye communications technician.

John Gurley, former communications technician chief, USN, worked on Boresight systems and Wullenweber arrays.

Gus Lott, Ph.D., founder of Yarcom, Inc. (www.yarcom.com), former Boresight/Bulls Eye systems and Wullenweber array contracting engineer.

NOTES

Others involved in the development of the magnetic tape recorder in concert with Robert Misner and Howard Lorenzen were Dr. Hector Skifter and James Gall.

Mack Sheets also accepted the NRL “Top 75 Inventions” award, along with Robert Misner.

Drs. Rindfleisch, Pietzner, Schel horse, and Wächtler led the effort to build the first CDAA Wullenweber array at Joring, Denmark.

Jurgen Wullenweber’s fame grew among the common folk, who revered him as a legendary upholder of the Protestant cause. He died in Wolfenbutiel in 1537 while fighting for that cause, which propelled him to martyrdom.

Mack Sheets assisted Robert Misner with the invention of the AN/FRA-44 recorder/analyzer.

The first successful HFDF fix in World War II came on the morning of July 13, 1943. German U-boat 487 transmitted an update to Berlin. The Tenth Fleet ASW group grabbed the transmission on several Huff-Duffs and fixed U-487’s location as just northwest of the Cape Verde Islands. The ASW team hurried the fix to the escort carrier USS Core (CVE-13). Wildcat and Avenger aircraft scrambled from the deck of the Core and sped toward the U-boat. They found her snorkeling on the surface and blasted the submarine with bombs and cannon fire. U-487 sank to the bottom. The entire operation took less than ten hours and laid the foundation for future ASW operations. After the war, the United States and Soviet Union propelled their respective HFDF programs forward, while shifting their focus on finding each other versus locating German U-boats.

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